Have you ever wondered about the roots of the Christmas tree as you’ve been decorating it? We all know about the main symbolism surrounding Christmas, but how often have you stopped and wondered about the tree?
In this article we’re going to look at some of the key events that have led to the tree becoming one of the first things we think about when we start to decorate for the Christmas period.
Most people today associate it with the resurgence of Christmas during the time of the Victorians, and with good reason too. However, the link between trees and decoration goes back thousands of years before that.
It’s known that the ancient Egyptians used to decorate their homes with leaves from the palm tree, and this also became a tradition that the Romans would continue, but they’d use the conifer rather than the palm tree.
It was a 7th century Devonshire monk that linked the triangular shape of the tree with certain religious aspects, when he was teaching in Germany. It was from Germany that, ironically, the Christmas tree made its way back to Britain, and, in the 1840′s became a symbol of Christmas for both royalty and the common man.
In those early years many odd things happen to the Christmas tree. One of the more surprising was the people of the 12th century hanging them upside down from the ceiling.
One of the first decorations to appear was the candle. It is said to have been used in Riga in 1510 to represent the twinkle of the stars in the night’s sky. The variety of decorations flourished in the 16th century.
The common theme of these early decorations was the fact that they tended to reflect the wintery weather outside. From the early 1600′s, through to the middle of the 1900′s, a tinsel-like decoration was used that was made of real silver, and was supposed to represent snow.
The popularity of the tree in Britain really took off when Queen Victoria, Prince Albert and the family were portrayed around a Christmas tree in the 1846 “Illustrated London News”. Both Queen Victoria and Prince Albert were of German ancestry, so the tree was already part of their Christmas tradition.
Most of the decorations around this time were expensive, and, seeing as the majority of people couldn’t afford to decorate their whole house, they would take the cheaper option of decorating a tree.
In 1747, the well travelled Germans took the Christmas tree to America. Then, as travel improved in the early to mid part of the 1800′s, the Christmas tree found its way from the German settlers in Pennsylvania, to all parts of the country.
Soon the invention of the electric light followed, and it wasn’t too long before it became one of the stars of the decorations.
In the 1920′s we saw the invention of the feather Christmas tree. In the 1930′s the Brush bristles arrived. The 1950′s had the aluminium tree, and, with developments in PVC, we eventually saw the rise of the plastic Christmas tree.
There we have it; a brief history of the Christmas tree.
The tradition of trees and decoration has come a long way since the time of the ancient Egyptians; so why not take a few minutes to think about its roots the next time you’re putting up your Christmas tree?
Have you ever wondered about the roots of the Christmas tree as you’ve been decorating it? We all know about the main symbolism surrounding Christmas, but how anonse towarzyskie often have you stopped and wondered about the tree?
In this article we’re going to look at some of the key events that have led to the tree becoming one of the first things we think about when we start to decorate for the Christmas period.
Most people today associate it with the resurgence of Christmas during the time of the Victorians, and with good reason too. However, the link between trees and decoration goes back thousands of years before that.
It’s known that the ancient Egyptians used to decorate their homes with leaves from the palm tree, and this also became a tradition that the Romans would continue, but they’d use the conifer rather than the palm tree.
It was a 7th century Devonshire monk that linked the triangular shape of the tree with certain religious aspects, when he was teaching in Germany. It was from Germany that, ironically, the Christmas tree made its way back to Britain, and, in the 1840′s became a symbol of Christmas for both royalty and the common man.
In those early years many odd things happen to the Christmas tree. One of the more surprising was the people of the 12th century hanging them upside down from the ceiling.
One of the first decorations to appear was the candle. It is said to have been used in Riga in 1510 to represent the twinkle of the stars in the night’s sky. The variety of decorations flourished in the 16th century.
The common theme of these early decorations was the fact that they tended to reflect the wintery weather outside. From the early 1600′s, through to the middle of the 1900′s, a tinsel-like decoration was used that was made of real silver, and was supposed to represent snow.
The popularity of the tree in Britain really took off when Queen Victoria, Prince Albert and the family were portrayed around a Christmas tree in the 1846 “Illustrated London News”. Both Queen Victoria and Prince Albert were of German ancestry, so the tree was already part of their Christmas tradition.
Most of the decorations around this time were expensive, and, seeing as the majority of people couldn’t afford to decorate their whole house, they would take the cheaper option of decorating a tree.
In 1747, the well travelled Germans took the Christmas tree to America. Then, as travel improved in the early to mid part of the 1800′s, the Christmas tree found its way from the German settlers in Pennsylvania, to all parts of the country.
Soon the invention of the electric light followed, and it wasn’t too long before it became one of the stars of the decorations.
In the 1920′s we saw the invention of the feather Christmas tree. In the 1930′s the Brush bristles arrived. The 1950′s had the aluminium tree, and, with developments in PVC, we eventually saw the rise of the plastic Christmas tree.
There we have it; a brief history of the Christmas tree.
The tradition of trees and decoration has come a long way since the time of the ancient Egyptians; so why not take a few minutes to think about its roots the next time you’re putting up your Christmas tree?

If you’re thinking of throwing a party with a “retro” theme (pre-1950s), then you’re probably looking for ideas to get you off to a great start! Each decade is so distinct that it can be hard to know where to begin, so here are a few ways to get started:
1. Choose the decade for your theme
1920s – Think flappers, chin-length bob hairdos, headbands with feathers, cigarette holders, and low waisted, knee-length dresses for women; flannel trousers, tweed jackets, baggy knickers, and pipes for men. Your room theme could be a good ol’ prohibition-style speakeasy. Jazz and ragtime music will complete the theme.
1930s – Think close-fitting, below the knee dresses, matching tweed jackets and skirts, shirt-waist style dresses in linens and florals, and hats and gloves for daytime; long dresses in silk crepe, chiffon, taffeta or velvet, along with hats and gloves for evening. Short, finger-waved hair. For men: Suits, ties, and hats for daytime; full dress with a tail coat or dinner jacket and hat for evening. For music, from jazz-age dance bands to the early sound of swing.
1940s – During wartime: Suits consisting of a jacket, blouse, and below-the-knee skirt; wide-legged slacks (think Katharine Hepburn and Rosie the Riveter); and lower-heeled, comfortable shoes. Hair worn curled high on the head in front and worn to the shoulders in the back. After wartime: Feminine dresses with long, full skirts, tight waists, and high heels. Zoot suits were all the rage for men. Big band swing music from names like Jimmy Dorsey, Glenn Miller, and Arte Shaw, just to name a few, was the popular music of the day.
2. Make a guest list, then choose a location based on the number of guests
If you have a small budget, consider inviting fewer people and hosting it in your home (if this is appropriate). You can create a great “retro” atmosphere in your own home just by playing the music of the decade and having everyone wear the fashion of the day.
If you have a larger budget, consider spots such as hotels and museums, historic venues, or restaurants that reflect your chosen era. You can most often hire a band or DJ to play the music of the time, and many places have dance floors to enhance the fun.
3. Choose the perfect invitation
The invitation you send to your guests is the first impression they will have of your party. Make it a great one!
Be sure that the style and quality of the invitation is appropriate for your event – “flyer-type” paper invitations may be fine for a very informal gathering, but the classier your party, the classier your invitation should be. Keep the level of formality in mind when deciding on paper stock, fonts, and embellishments. All of these elements are important factors in the party-planning process as the invitation sets the stage for the entire party.
Visit your local card and/or stationery stores. Depending on the store, they will have boxed invitations to choose from, books to search through and order from (usually for quantities of 25-50 and up),and/or theme laser paper (for a more informal look). You can format and print most store-bought invitations on your home computer in any word processing program, but many stores also offer in-store printing services for a reasonable cost. If you are not so computer-savvy, this service will save you time and potential frustration in formatting and printing.
If you don’t find a suitable invitation for your chosen theme (this may be difficult, depending on your decade of choice), then consider going online for an array of excellent choices. There are many websites that offer custom printing services, and you are sure to find an invitation that will wow your party-goers. If you don’t see just what you want from a website you like, email the company and ask if they will create something custom for your event – They just might be willing to create the perfect invitation for you (for a fee, of course). It never hurts to ask…
If you’re thinking of throwing a party with a “retro” theme (pre-1950s), then you’re probably looking for ideas to get you off to a great start! Each decade is so distinct that it can be hard to know where to begin, so here are a few ways to get started:
1. Choose the decade for your theme
1920s – Think flappers, chin-length bob hairdos, headbands with feathers, torby papierowe cigarette holders, and low waisted, knee-length dresses for women; flannel trousers, tweed jackets, baggy knickers, and pipes for men. Your room theme could be a good ol’ prohibition-style speakeasy. Jazz and ragtime music will complete the theme.
1930s – Think close-fitting, below the knee dresses, matching tweed jackets and skirts, shirt-waist style dresses in linens and florals, and hats and gloves for daytime; long dresses in silk crepe, chiffon, taffeta or velvet, along with hats and gloves for evening. Short, finger-waved hair. For men: Suits, ties, and hats for daytime; full dress with a tail coat or dinner jacket and hat for evening. For music, from jazz-age dance bands to the early sound of swing.
1940s – During wartime: Suits consisting of a jacket, blouse, and below-the-knee skirt; wide-legged slacks (think Katharine Hepburn and Rosie the Riveter); and lower-heeled, comfortable shoes. Hair worn curled high on the head in front and worn to the shoulders in the back. After wartime: Feminine dresses with long, full skirts, tight waists, and high heels. Zoot suits were all the rage for men. Big band swing music from names like Jimmy Dorsey, Glenn Miller, and Arte Shaw, just to name a few, was the popular music of the day.
2. Make a guest list, then choose a location based on the number of guests
If you have a small budget, consider inviting fewer people and hosting it in your home (if this is appropriate). You can create a great “retro” atmosphere in your own home just by playing the music of the decade and having everyone wear the fashion of the day.
If you have a larger budget, consider spots such as hotels and museums, historic venues, or restaurants that reflect your chosen era. You can most often hire a band or DJ to play the music of the time, and many places have dance floors to enhance the fun.
3. Choose the perfect invitation
The invitation you send to your guests is the first impression they will have of your party. Make it a great one!
Be sure that the style and quality of the invitation is appropriate for your event – “flyer-type” paper invitations may be fine for a very informal gathering, but the classier your party, the classier your invitation should be. Keep the level of formality in mind when deciding on paper stock, fonts, and embellishments. All of these elements are important factors in the party-planning process as the invitation sets the stage for the entire party.
Visit your local card and/or stationery stores. Depending on the store, they will have boxed invitations to choose from, books to search through and order from (usually for quantities of 25-50 and up),and/or theme laser paper (for a more informal look). You can format and print most store-bought invitations on your home computer in any word processing program, but many stores also offer in-store printing services for a reasonable cost. If you are not so computer-savvy, this service will save you time and potential frustration in formatting and printing.
If you don’t find a suitable invitation for your chosen theme (this may be difficult, depending on your decade of choice), then consider going online for an array of excellent choices. There are many websites that offer custom printing services, and you are sure to find an invitation that will wow your party-goers. If you don’t see just what you want from a website you like, email the company and ask if they will create something custom for your event – They just might be willing to create the perfect invitation for you (for a fee, of course). It never hurts to ask…

It’s a love/hate relationship. When Office 2007 came out, you either loved it or hated it. With Office 2010 out now, your hate may soften to accepting the product, and your love will just deepen.
The dismay in Office 2007 centered on the look and feel of the product. The introduction of a new Ribbon, which replaced the standard toolbar in Office 2003, had users grumbling. One was the familiar look that prior Office products held. You could upgrade and the transition was easy.
In Office 2007, Microsoft made a giant leap into the new and unknown, leaving many PC users baffled. The new Ribbon housed a fixed arrangement of command buttons and icons, organized commands as a set of tabs, each grouping relevant commands. The look and feel of the old standby was gone.
Designed to make the features of the application more discoverable and accessible, the Ribbon was either loved or hated. Many gave it a short term shot and went back to using Office 2003.
With Office 2010, Microsoft designed a superior product. Microsoft listened to all the challenges and complaints of users and created a perfect blend. Office 2010 is the best of Office 2003 and Office 2007.
New Features
Those who endured will enjoy a new customizable Ribbon (Users could not customize the Office 2007 Ribbon) so you can organize it according to your needs. A modified Ribbon is now available in all Office applications, and it now includes the “File” option and a new feature called “Backstage View,” giving easy access to task-centered functions such as printing and sharing.
Get excited! Backstage view incorporates the most commonly used actions in one place (no more dialog boxes with tabs). And there’s more! You get the usual open, save and print, and you also get several templates for new documents, print layouts and ways to share your work, all without dialog boxes and tabs, everything is much more easily accessible.
Additional features include:
• A Paste preview which lets you switch between paste options so you can make sure that your work will be formatted correctly
• Role orientation tailored to employees in “roles” such as research and development professionals, sales persons, and human resources
• A built-in screen capture tool for easy internet copy and paste
• A background removal tool for editing photos and clip art within a document
• SmartArt templates and author permissions so you can create wonderful documents even though you’re not an artist
• New text and image editing effects; making it easy to be the pro
• Live collaboration functions; great for the office
• New animations in PowerPoint 2010; insert videos directly into PowerPoint
• A Social Connector that allows users to write emails while keeping track of their family, friends, and colleagues by viewing status updates and past communication history with the individual
Web Apps
For those who are just buying into the idea of “Cloud Computing,” Microsoft now offers a free web-based version of its Office productivity suite, known as Office Web Apps, which started shortly before Office 2010 was released. Office Web Apps include online versions of Word, Excel and PowerPoint and OneNote. This allows sharing and collaboration of documents and files. It also features user interfaces similar to the desktop version. Office Web Apps were released to Windows Live Skydrive for consumers and SharePoint Workspace for corporations last month. If you are without Office, you may have to download a Trial version or buy Office before using Web Apps.
Which Edition Is Right For You
The home editions:
Home and Student 2010 include Word, Excel, PowerPoint and OneNote.
Office Home and Business 2010 adds Outlook to the core apps.
The business editions:
Standard 2010 adds Outlook and Publisher to the core apps.
Professional 2010 adds Outlook, Publisher, and Access.
Professional Plus 2010 includes Outlook, Publisher, Access, SharePoint Workspace, Communicate, and InfoPath.
What are the system requirements?
Office 2010 runs on Windows XP (SP3 required), Windows Vista with SP1 or later (32-bit or 64-bit), Windows 7 (32-bit or 64-bit), Windows Server 2003 R2 (32-bit or 64-bit) with MSXML 6.0 installed, Windows Server 2008 (32-bit or 64-bit), and Windows Server 2008 R2. You’ll need at least 3 GB of hard disk space.
So there you have it-the love/hate relationship with Microsoft Office 2010. My opinion, I love it. I’ve been using Office 2007 for three years and found the move to Office 2010 easy. If you hated Office 2007 and went back to Office 2003, give Office 2010 a chance. If you loved Office 2007 you’ll be totally infatuated with Office 2010.
Next month I will delve into the Office suite applications.
Part one of a three-part series
By Cary Warner
It’s a love/hate relationship. When Office 2007 came out, you either loved it or hated it. With Office 2010 out now, your hate may soften to accepting the product, and your love will just deepen.
The dismay in Office 2007 centered on the look and feel of the product. The introduction of a new Ribbon, which replaced the standard toolbar in Office 2003, had users grumbling. One was the familiar look that prior Office products held. You could upgrade and the transition was easy.
In Office 2007, Microsoft made a giant leap into the new and unknown, leaving many PC users baffled. The new Ribbon housed a fixed arrangement of command buttons and icons, organized commands as a set of tabs, each grouping relevant commands. The look and feel of the old standby was gone.
Designed to make the features of the application more discoverable and accessible, the Ribbon was either loved or hated. Many gave it a short term shot and went back to using Office 2003.
With Office 2010, Microsoft designed a superior product. Microsoft listened to all the challenges and complaints of users and created a perfect blend. Office 2010 is the best of Office 2003 and Office 2007.
New Features
Those who Hotel Zakopane endured will enjoy a new customizable Ribbon (Users could not customize the Office 2007 Ribbon) so you can organize it according to your needs. A modified Ribbon is now available in all Office applications, and it now includes the “File” option and a new feature called “Backstage View,” giving easy access to task-centered functions such as printing and sharing.
Get excited! Backstage view incorporates the most commonly used actions in one place (no more dialog boxes with tabs). And there’s more! You get the usual open, save and print, and you also get several templates for new documents, print layouts and ways to share your work, all without dialog boxes and tabs, everything is much more easily accessible.
Additional features include:
• A Paste preview which lets you switch between paste options so you can make sure that your work will be formatted correctly
• Role orientation tailored to employees in “roles” such as research and development professionals, sales persons, and human resources
• A built-in screen capture tool for easy internet copy and paste
• A background removal tool for editing photos and clip art within a document
• SmartArt templates and author permissions so you can create wonderful documents even though you’re not an artist
• New text and image editing effects; making it easy to be the pro
• Live collaboration functions; great for the office
• New animations in PowerPoint 2010; insert videos directly into PowerPoint
• A Social Connector that allows users to write emails while keeping track of their family, friends, and colleagues by viewing status updates and past communication history with the individual
Web Apps
For those who are just buying into the idea of “Cloud Computing,” Microsoft now offers a free web-based version of its Office productivity suite, known as Office Web Apps, which started shortly before Office 2010 was released. Office Web Apps include online versions of Word, Excel and PowerPoint and OneNote. This allows sharing and collaboration of documents and files. It also features user interfaces similar to the desktop version. Office Web Apps were released to Windows Live Skydrive for consumers and SharePoint Workspace for corporations last month. If you are without Office, you may have to download a Trial version or buy Office before using Web Apps.
Which Edition Is Right For You
The home editions:
Home and Student 2010 include Word, Excel, PowerPoint and OneNote.
Office Home and Business 2010 adds Outlook to the core apps.
The business editions:
Standard 2010 adds Outlook and Publisher to the core apps.
Professional 2010 adds Outlook, Publisher, and Access.
Professional Plus 2010 includes Outlook, Publisher, Access, SharePoint Workspace, Communicate, and InfoPath.
What are the system requirements?
Office 2010 runs on Windows XP (SP3 required), Windows Vista with SP1 or later (32-bit or 64-bit), Windows 7 (32-bit or 64-bit), Windows Server 2003 R2 (32-bit or 64-bit) with MSXML 6.0 installed, Windows Server 2008 (32-bit or 64-bit), and Windows Server 2008 R2. You’ll need at least 3 GB of hard disk space.
So there you have it-the love/hate relationship with Microsoft Office 2010. My opinion, I love it. I’ve been using Office 2007 for three years and found the move to Office 2010 easy. If you hated Office 2007 and went back to Office 2003, give Office 2010 a chance. If you loved Office 2007 you’ll be totally infatuated with Office 2010.
Next month I will delve into the Office suite applications.
Part one of a three-part series
By Cary Warner

One of the facts about a person that can contribute to how high or low their car insurance premiums are is their credit history. For a person living in Albuquerque, New Mexico they are fortunate in that no insurance company can legally deny them coverage if they have a bad credit score. However, they can charge based on that score and for someone with a problem credit past, that can make finding cheap car insurance in Albuquerque, New Mexico a challenge.
There are some little known ways to save money on car insurance, and it’s highly unlikely your insurance agent will mention any before you do. Therefore you should ask about any or all when it comes time to renew or purchase car insurance:
o Ask your current agent about a renewal discount. Many vehicle owners don’t realize that they may qualify for a discount just for remaining loyal to their auto insurance company. When your policy is up for renewal, inquire about this.
o Talk to your employer about the possibility of group insurance. Some companies actually have group insurance coverage that is available to employees. In many cases the premiums for plans like this are much lower than for individual car insurance because of the group discount. You may even be able to arrange to have your monthly or yearly premiums deducted from your pay check.
o Drive less. Low mileage discounts are often offered by car insurance companies. If you are part of a car pool or you take public transit to work or ride a bike, mention this to your insurance agent.
Obviously there are some innovative ways to find cheap car insurance in Albuquerque, New Mexico. All you need to do is take advantage of every possible discount and keep your driving record clean and accident free.
One of the facts about a person that can contribute to how high or low their car insurance premiums are is their credit history. For a person living in Albuquerque, New Mexico they are fortunate in that no insurance company can legally deny them coverage if they have a bad credit score. However, they can charge based on that score and for someone with a problem credit past, that can make finding cheap car insurance in Albuquerque, New Mexico a challenge.
There are some little known ways to save money on car insurance, and it’s highly unlikely your insurance agent will mention any before you do. Therefore you should ask about any or all when it comes time to renew or purchase car insurance:
o Ask your current agent about a renewal discount. Many vehicle owners don’t realize that they may qualify for a discount just for remaining loyal to their auto insurance company. When your policy is up for renewal, inquire about this.
o Talk to your employer about the possibility of group insurance. Some companies actually have group insurance coverage that is available to employees. In many cases the premiums for plans like this are Psycholog Wrocław much lower than for individual car insurance because of the group discount. You may even be able to arrange to have your monthly or yearly premiums deducted from your pay check.
o Drive less. Low mileage discounts are often offered by car insurance companies. If you are part of a car pool or you take public transit to work or ride a bike, mention this to your insurance agent.
Obviously there are some innovative ways to find cheap car insurance in Albuquerque, New Mexico. All you need to do is take advantage of every possible discount and keep your driving record clean and accident free.

rzeczoznawca majątkowy

Born at Beaumont Palace, Oxford, John was the fifth son of King Henry II of England and Eleanor of Aquitaine. John was a younger half-brother of Marie de Champagne and Alix of France. He was a younger brother of William, Count of Poitiers, Henry the Young King, Matilda of England, Richard I of England, Geoffrey II, Duke of Brittany, Leonora of Aquitaine and Joan of England.
John was always his father’s favourite son, as the youngest he could expect no inheritance, hence his nickname, “Lackland”. He was almost certainly born in 1166 instead of 1167, as is sometimes claimed. King Henry and Queen Eleanor were not together nine months prior to December 1167, but they were together in March 1166. Also, John was born at Oxford on or near Christmas, but Eleanor and Henry spent Christmas 1167 in Normandy. The canon of Laon, writing a century later, states John was named after Saint John the Apostle, on whose feast day (December 27) he was born. Ralph of Diceto also states that John was born in 1166, and that Queen Eleanor named him.
His family life was tumultuous, with his older brothers all involved in rebellions against Henry. Eleanor was imprisoned in 1173, when John was a small boy. Gerald of Wales relates that King Henry had a curious painting in a chamber of Winchester Castle, depicting an eagle being attacked by three of its chicks, while a fourth chick crouched, waiting for its chance to strike.
John had the administrative ability of a great ruler but, from the moment he began to rule, rivals and traitors tried to cheat him out of his inheritance. As he wrestled with one problem, more enemies sprang upon his back.
In 1186 Henry’s next son died in a tournament. Now there was only Richard and John left, with Richard as heir to the throne. Both Richard and John were angry with their father Henry II as he would not give them any power of their own and would not let them go on Crusade.
In 1187 Jerusalem had fallen to the Turks with the loss of many Crusader Knights. Philippe II of France used the conflict between the King of England and his two remaining sons for his own aims and managed to get both Richard and John to conspire against their father.
In July 1189, abandoned by his own sons, Henry II died.
Richard became King and the first thing he did was go on Crusade. Richard was aware that John was pleased to see him go to the middle East where he could get killed and leave John to inherit his domains. To try to prevent John from claiming the English throne while he was away, Richard gave him several titles including the Count of Mortain and Lord of Ireland.
Richard also ordered John to stay away from England for three years. Richard also nominated his nephew, Arthur of Brittany as heir to the English throne even though the boy was only four years old. The only problem for Richard came with the appointment of William Longchamp whose job it was to administer the country while Richard was away.
Longchamp was an unpopular administrator with the Barons and John became popular in his opposition. Richard became aware of John’s ambitions and the threat of civil war and sent Walter de Coutances, Archbishop of Rouen to sort out the problems.
Walter did this by taking Longchamp’s place. At this point John sort help from the French king Philippe II who was eager to obtain lands that Richard owned in Normandy.
King John became King in 1199 when his brother, King Richard I, died. To many, John was cruel, greedy and ultimately a failure as King. He fell out with both his father and his brother in family feuds.
He argued with his nephew, Arthur, over succession. This trouble led to the loss of English territory in France in 1205. King John unsuccessfully attempted to regain France for the rest of his reign. He kept raising taxes to pay for his campaigns, but every time he went to France to fight, he lost.
Roger of Wendover, English chronicler, a monk of St. Albans.
As historiographer of St. Albans, he began the Flores historiarum, a general chronicle starting with the creation. He drew the material from 1192 to 1201 from Roger of Hoveden, but that from 1201 to 1235 is original. His work contains many fantastic and distorted stories and judgments hostile to King John. He is in large part responsible for the negative picture of John (perpetuated by Matthew of Paris) that has come down through history.
*** Boo Wendover !
The Magna Carta
The Magna Carta marked an agreement negotiated between King John’s government and his subjects concerning the limits and responsibilities of Government and the legal rights of free citizens. It contained the pledge that no free man should have his rights removed without the due process of law and the judgement of his peers. It is taken to be the foundation of the liberties of the citizen in the English-speaking world.
It was in St Albans that the document which was to develop into Magna Carta was first read.
The Great Council
By 1213 opposition to King John came to a head, led by Stephen Langton Archbishop of Canterbury. On August 4th 1213, a Great Council was summoned to meet at St Albans. The Council included Barons and churchmen and such meetings later developed into Parliament. Speaking for the King was the Justiciar of England. The Justiciar told the Council that the King had agreed to pay compensation, and this was followed by a discussion on the general rights and liberties of his subjects. A charter along these lines had been drawn up by Henry I a Century before, and this was revised at St Albans.
It formed the first draft of Magna Carta. Later, the churchmen accepted it, at a meeting in St Paul’s London, and the Barons did the same at a meeting’ in Bury St Edmund, Suffolk. The meeting in St Albans was therefore an important step in the production of Magna Carta, which was presented to John in June 1215 after a rebellion by the Barons. John only signed when he at last realised that he had been defeated. This famous event took place at Runnymede by the Thames.
After Richard’s death, John did not gain immediate recognition as king. Some regarded his young nephew, Arthur of Brittany, the son of John’s brother Geoffrey, as the rightful heir. Arthur vied with his uncle John for the throne, and enjoyed the support of King Philip II of France. The conflict between Arthur and King John had fatal consequences. The war upset the barons of Poitou enough for them to seek redress from the King of France, who was King John’s feudal overlord with respect to certain territories on the Continent. In 1202, King John was summoned to the French court to answer the charges.
King John refused and, under feudal law, because of his failure of service to his lord, the French King claimed the lands and territories ruled by King John as Count of Poitou. The French promptly invaded Normandy, King Philip II invested Arthur with all those fiefs King John once held (except for Normandy), and betrothed him to his daughter Mary. As part of the war, Arthur attempted to kidnap his own grandmother, Eleanor of Aquitaine, at Mirebeau, but was defeated and captured by John’s forces.
For a long time, school children have learned that King John had to approve Magna Carta by attaching his seal to it because he could not sign it, lacking the ability to read or write. King John had a large library he treasured until the end of his life, this textbook inaccuracy resembled that of textbooks which claimed that Christopher Columbus wanted to prove the earth was round. Whether the original authors of these errors knew better and oversimplified because they wrote for children, or whether they had been misinformed themselves, is unknown.
As a result of these writings, generations of adults remembered mainly two things about “Wicked King John,” both of them wrong. The other “fact” was that, if Robin Hood had not stepped in, Prince John would have embezzled the money raised to ransom King Richard. The fact is that John did embezzle the ransom money, by creating forged seals, and Robin Hood may or may not have actually existed. In any case, the real life source for the legend lived at least half a century before Richard was king.
In 1216, John, retreating from an invasion by Prince Louis of France (whom the majority of the English barons had invited to replace John on the throne), crossed the marshy area known as The Wash in East Anglia and lost his most valuable treasures, including the Crown Jewels to the unexpected incoming tide.
This dealt him a terrible blow, which affected his health and state of mind, and he succumbed to dysentery, dying on October 18 , at Newark in Lincolnshire. Numerous, if fictitious, accounts circulated soon after his death that he had been killed by poisoned ale or poisoned plums.
He was buried in Worcester Cathedral in the city of Worcester. His nine-year-old son succeeded him and became King Henry III of England, and although Louis continued to claim the English throne, the barons switched their allegiance to the new king, forcing Louis to give up his claim and sign the Treaty of Lambeth in 1217.
King John, A Great King
Born at Beaumont Palace, Oxford, John was the fifth son of King Henry II of England and Eleanor of Aquitaine. John was a younger half-brother of Marie de Champagne and Alix of France. He was a younger brother of William, Count of Poitiers, Henry the Young King, Matilda of England, Richard I of England, Geoffrey II, Duke of Brittany, Leonora of Aquitaine and Joan of England.
John was always his father’s favourite son, as the youngest he could expect no inheritance, hence his nickname, “Lackland”. He was almost certainly born in 1166 instead of 1167, as is sometimes claimed. King Henry and Queen Eleanor were not together nine months prior to December 1167, but they were together in March 1166. Also, John was sklep z grami born at Oxford on or near Christmas, but Eleanor and Henry spent Christmas 1167 in Normandy. The canon of Laon, writing a century later, states John was named after Saint John the Apostle, on whose feast day (December 27) he was born. Ralph of Diceto also states that John was born in 1166, and that Queen Eleanor named him.
His family life was tumultuous, with his older brothers all involved in rebellions against Henry. Eleanor was imprisoned in 1173, when John was a small boy. Gerald of Wales relates that King Henry had a curious painting in a chamber of Winchester Castle, depicting an eagle being attacked by three of its chicks, while a fourth chick crouched, waiting for its chance to strike.
John had the administrative ability of a great ruler but, from the moment he began to rule, rivals and traitors tried to cheat him out of his inheritance. As he wrestled with one problem, more enemies sprang upon his back.
In 1186 Henry’s next son died in a tournament. Now there was only Richard and John left, with Richard as heir to the throne. Both Richard and John were angry with their father Henry II as he would not give them any power of their own and would not let them go on Crusade.
In 1187 Jerusalem had fallen to the Turks with the loss of many Crusader Knights. Philippe II of France used the conflict between the King of England and his two remaining sons for his own aims and managed to get both Richard and John to conspire against their father.
In July 1189, abandoned by his own sons, Henry II died.
Richard became King and the first thing he did was go on Crusade. Richard was aware that John was pleased to see him go to the middle East where he could get killed and leave John to inherit his domains. To try to prevent John from claiming the English throne while he was away, Richard gave him several titles including the Count of Mortain and Lord of Ireland.
Richard also ordered John to stay away from England for three years. Richard also nominated his nephew, Arthur of Brittany as heir to the English throne even though the boy was only four years old. The only problem for Richard came with the appointment of William Longchamp whose job it was to administer the country while Richard was away.
Longchamp was an unpopular administrator with the Barons and John became popular in his opposition. Richard became aware of John’s ambitions and the threat of civil war and sent Walter de Coutances, Archbishop of Rouen to sort out the problems.
Walter did this by taking Longchamp’s place. At this point John sort help from the French king Philippe II who was eager to obtain lands that Richard owned in Normandy.
King John became King in 1199 when his brother, King Richard I, died. To many, John was cruel, greedy and ultimately a failure as King. He fell out with both his father and his brother in family feuds.
He argued with his nephew, Arthur, over succession. This trouble led to the loss of English territory in France in 1205. King John unsuccessfully attempted to regain France for the rest of his reign. He kept raising taxes to pay for his campaigns, but every time he went to France to fight, he lost.
Roger of Wendover, English chronicler, a monk of St. Albans.
As historiographer of St. Albans, he began the Flores historiarum, a general chronicle starting with the creation. He drew the material from 1192 to 1201 from Roger of Hoveden, but that from 1201 to 1235 is original. His work contains many fantastic and distorted stories and judgments hostile to King John. He is in large part responsible for the negative picture of John (perpetuated by Matthew of Paris) that has come down through history.
*** Boo Wendover !
The Magna Carta
The Magna Carta marked an agreement negotiated between King John’s government and his subjects concerning the limits and responsibilities of Government and the legal rights of free citizens. It contained the pledge that no free man should have his rights removed without the due process of law and the judgement of his peers. It is taken to be the foundation of the liberties of the citizen in the English-speaking world.
It was in St Albans that the document which was to develop into Magna Carta was first read.
The Great Council
By 1213 opposition to King John came to a head, led by Stephen Langton Archbishop of Canterbury. On August 4th 1213, a Great Council was summoned to meet at St Albans. The Council included Barons and churchmen and such meetings later developed into Parliament. Speaking for the King was the Justiciar of England. The Justiciar told the Council that the King had agreed to pay compensation, and this was followed by a discussion on the general rights and liberties of his subjects. A charter along these lines had been drawn up by Henry I a Century before, and this was revised at St Albans.
It formed the first draft of Magna Carta. Later, the churchmen accepted it, at a meeting in St Paul’s London, and the Barons did the same at a meeting’ in Bury St Edmund, Suffolk. The meeting in St Albans was therefore an important step in the production of Magna Carta, which was presented to John in June 1215 after a rebellion by the Barons. John only signed when he at last realised that he had been defeated. This famous event took place at Runnymede by the Thames.
After Richard’s death, John did not gain immediate recognition as king. Some regarded his young nephew, Arthur of Brittany, the son of John’s brother Geoffrey, as the rightful heir. Arthur vied with his uncle John for the throne, and enjoyed the support of King Philip II of France. The conflict between Arthur and King John had fatal consequences. The war upset the barons of Poitou enough for them to seek redress from the King of France, who was King John’s feudal overlord with respect to certain territories on the Continent. In 1202, King John was summoned to the French court to answer the charges.
King John refused and, under feudal law, because of his failure of service to his lord, the French King claimed the lands and territories ruled by King John as Count of Poitou. The French promptly invaded Normandy, King Philip II invested Arthur with all those fiefs King John once held (except for Normandy), and betrothed him to his daughter Mary. As part of the war, Arthur attempted to kidnap his own grandmother, Eleanor of Aquitaine, at Mirebeau, but was defeated and captured by John’s forces.
For a long time, school children have learned that King John had to approve Magna Carta by attaching his seal to it because he could not sign it, lacking the ability to read or write. King John had a large library he treasured until the end of his life, this textbook inaccuracy resembled that of textbooks which claimed that Christopher Columbus wanted to prove the earth was round. Whether the original authors of these errors knew better and oversimplified because they wrote for children, or whether they had been misinformed themselves, is unknown.
As a result of these writings, generations of adults remembered mainly two things about “Wicked King John,” both of them wrong. The other “fact” was that, if Robin Hood had not stepped in, Prince John would have embezzled the money raised to ransom King Richard. The fact is that John did embezzle the ransom money, by creating forged seals, and Robin Hood may or may not have actually existed. In any case, the real life source for the legend lived at least half a century before Richard was king.
In 1216, John, retreating from an invasion by Prince Louis of France (whom the majority of the English barons had invited to replace John on the throne), crossed the marshy area known as The Wash in East Anglia and lost his most valuable treasures, including the Crown Jewels to the unexpected incoming tide.
This dealt him a terrible blow, which affected his health and state of mind, and he succumbed to dysentery, dying on October 18 , at Newark in Lincolnshire. Numerous, if fictitious, accounts circulated soon after his death that he had been killed by poisoned ale or poisoned plums.
He was buried in Worcester Cathedral in the city of Worcester. His nine-year-old son succeeded him and became King Henry III of England, and although Louis continued to claim the English throne, the barons switched their allegiance to the new king, forcing Louis to give up his claim and sign the Treaty of Lambeth in 1217.
King John, A Great King

“With the tears a Land hath shed.Their graves should ever be green.”
– Thomas Bailey Aldrich

“True heroism is remarkably sober, very undramatic. It is not the urge to surpass all others at whatever cost, but the urge to serve others at whatever cost.”
– Arthur Ashe

“Decoration Day is the most beautiful of our national holidays…. The grim cannon have turned into palm branches, and the shell and shrapnel into peach blossoms.”
– Thomas Bailey Aldrich

“They hover as a cloud of witnesses above this Nation.”
– Henry Ward Beecher

“Fold him in his country’s stars.”
– George Henry Boker

“And each man stand with his face in the light of his own drawn sword. Ready to do what a hero can.”
– Elizabeth Barrett Browning

“Who kept the faith and fought the fight; The glory theirs, the duty ours.”
– Wallace Bruce

“A hero is someone who has given his or her life to something bigger than oneself.”
– Joseph Campbell

“Is’t death to fall for Freedom’s right?”
– Thomas Campbell

“Cover them over with beautiful flowers, Deck them with garlands, those brothers of ours, Lying so silent by night and by day.”
– Will Carleton

“Those who will may raise monuments of marble to perpetuate the fame of heroes. Those who will may build memorial halls to remind those who shall gather there in after times what manhood could do and dare for right, and what high examples of virtue and valor have gone before them. But let us make our offering to the ever-living soul. Let us build our benefactions in the ever-growing heart, that they shall live and rise and spread in blessing beyond our sight, beyond the ken of man and beyond the touch of time.”
– Joshua Lawrence Chamberlain Memorial Day 1884

“Heroism is latent in every human soul….However humble or unknown, they (the veterans) have renounced what are accounted pleasures and cheerfully undertaken all self-denials; privations, toils, dangers, sufferings, sicknesses, mutilations, life-long hurts and losses, death itself ? For some great good, dimly seen but dearly held.”
– Joshua Lawrence Chamberlain, Memorial Day 1828-1914

“These martyrs of patriotism gave their lives for an idea.”
– Schuyler Colfax

“How sleep the brave, who sink to rest, By all their country’s wishes blest!”
– William Collins

“They fell, but o’er their glorious grave Floats free the banner of the cause they died to save.”
– Francis Marion Crawford

“Ah! never shall the land forget.”
– William Cullen Bryant

True bravery is shown by performing without witness what one might be capable of doing before all the world.”
– François de la Rochefoucauld

“The legacy of heroes is the memory of a great name and the inheritance of a great example.”
– Benjamin Disraeli

“We must be prepared to make heroic sacrifices for the cause of peace that we make ungrudgingly for the cause of war. There is no task that is more important or closer to my heart.”
– Albert Einstein

“Self-trust is the essence of heroism.”
– Ralph Waldo Emerson

“Each man is a hero and an oracle to somebody.”
– Ralph Waldo Emerson

“Spirit, that made those heroes dare.”
– Ralph Waldo Emerson

“But the freedom that they fought for, and the country grand they wrought for, Is their monument to-day, and for aye.”
– Thomas Dunn English

“But fame is theirs – and future days On pillar’d brass shall tell their praise;”
– Philip Freneau

“They saw their injured country’s woe.”
– Philip Freneau

“Death leaves a heartache no one can heal, love leaves a memory no one can steal.”
– From a headstone in Ireland

“When we say “War is over if you want it,” we mean that if everyone demanded peace instead of another TV set, we’d have peace.”
– John Lennon

“Your silent tents of green We deck with fragrant flowers; Yours has the suffering been, The memory shall be ours.”
– Henry Wadsworth Longfellow

“Peace is more important than all justice; and peace was not made for the sake of justice, but justice for the sake of peace.”
– Martin Luther

” The belief in the possibility of a short decisive war appears to be one of the most ancient and dangerous of human illusions.”
– Robert Lynd

“A hero is one who knows how to hang on one minute longer.”
– Novalis

“On thy grave the rain shall fall from the eyes of a mighty nation!”
– Thomas William Parsons

“It is surmounting difficulties that makes heroes.”
– Louis Pasteur

“For death is no more than a turning of us over from time to eternity.”
– William Penn

“Green sods are all their monuments.”
– James Gates Percival

“The purpose of all war is peace.”
– Saint Augustine

“The hero dead cannot expire: The dead still play their part.”
– Charles Sangster

“The brave die never, though they sleep in dust.”
– Minot J. Savage

“It doesn’t take a hero to order men into battle. It takes a hero to be one of those men who goes into battle.”
– Norman Schwarzkopf

“Valor grows by daring, fear by holding back.”
– Publilius Syrus

“Bravery never goes out of fashion.”
– William Makepeace Thackeray

“The bravest are surely those who have the clearest vision of what is before them, glory and danger alike, and yet notwithstanding, go out to meet it.”
– Thucydides

“These heroes are dead. They died for liberty-they died for us. They are at rest. They sleep in the land they made free, under the flag they rendered stainless, under the solemn pines, the sad hemlocks, the tearful willows, the embracing vines. They sleep beneath the shadow of the clouds, careless alike of sunshine or storm, each in the windowless palace of rest. Earth may run red with other wars-they are at peace. In the midst of the battles, in the roar of conflicts, they found the serenity of death.”
– Unknown

“We come, not to mourn our dead soldiers, but to praise them.”
– Francis A. Walker

“Although no sculptured marble should rise to their memory, nor engraved stone bear record of their deeds, yet will their remembrance be as lasting as the land they honored.”
– Daniel Webster

“With the tears a Land hath shed.Their graves should ever be green.”
– Thomas Bailey Aldrich

“True heroism is remarkably sober, very undramatic. It is not the urge to surpass all others at whatever cost, but the konta bankowe urge to serve others at whatever cost.”
– Arthur Ashe

“Decoration Day is the most beautiful of our national holidays…. The grim cannon have turned into palm branches, and the shell and shrapnel into peach blossoms.”
– Thomas Bailey Aldrich

“They hover as a cloud of witnesses above this Nation.”
– Henry Ward Beecher

“Fold him in his country’s stars.”
– George Henry Boker

“And each man stand with his face in the light of his own drawn sword. Ready to do what a hero can.”
– Elizabeth Barrett Browning

“Who kept the faith and fought the fight; The glory theirs, the duty ours.”
– Wallace Bruce

“A hero is someone who has given his or her life to something bigger than oneself.”
– Joseph Campbell

“Is’t death to fall for Freedom’s right?”
– Thomas Campbell

“Cover them over with beautiful flowers, Deck them with garlands, those brothers of ours, Lying so silent by night and by day.”
– Will Carleton

“Those who will may raise monuments of marble to perpetuate the fame of heroes. Those who will may build memorial halls to remind those who shall gather there in after times what manhood could do and dare for right, and what high examples of virtue and valor have gone before them. But let us make our offering to the ever-living soul. Let us build our benefactions in the ever-growing heart, that they shall live and rise and spread in blessing beyond our sight, beyond the ken of man and beyond the touch of time.”
– Joshua Lawrence Chamberlain Memorial Day 1884

“Heroism is latent in every human soul….However humble or unknown, they (the veterans) have renounced what are accounted pleasures and cheerfully undertaken all self-denials; privations, toils, dangers, sufferings, sicknesses, mutilations, life-long hurts and losses, death itself ? For some great good, dimly seen but dearly held.”
– Joshua Lawrence Chamberlain, Memorial Day 1828-1914

“These martyrs of patriotism gave their lives for an idea.”
– Schuyler Colfax

“How sleep the brave, who sink to rest, By all their country’s wishes blest!”
– William Collins

“They fell, but o’er their glorious grave Floats free the banner of the cause they died to save.”
– Francis Marion Crawford

“Ah! never shall the land forget.”
– William Cullen Bryant

True bravery is shown by performing without witness what one might be capable of doing before all the world.”
– François de la Rochefoucauld

“The legacy of heroes is the memory of a great name and the inheritance of a great example.”
– Benjamin Disraeli

“We must be prepared to make heroic sacrifices for the cause of peace that we make ungrudgingly for the cause of war. There is no task that is more important or closer to my heart.”
– Albert Einstein

“Self-trust is the essence of heroism.”
– Ralph Waldo Emerson

“Each man is a hero and an oracle to somebody.”
– Ralph Waldo Emerson

“Spirit, that made those heroes dare.”
– Ralph Waldo Emerson

“But the freedom that they fought for, and the country grand they wrought for, Is their monument to-day, and for aye.”
– Thomas Dunn English

“But fame is theirs – and future days On pillar’d brass shall tell their praise;”
– Philip Freneau

“They saw their injured country’s woe.”
– Philip Freneau

“Death leaves a heartache no one can heal, love leaves a memory no one can steal.”
– From a headstone in Ireland

“When we say “War is over if you want it,” we mean that if everyone demanded peace instead of another TV set, we’d have peace.”
– John Lennon

“Your silent tents of green We deck with fragrant flowers; Yours has the suffering been, The memory shall be ours.”
– Henry Wadsworth Longfellow

“Peace is more important than all justice; and peace was not made for the sake of justice, but justice for the sake of peace.”
– Martin Luther

” The belief in the possibility of a short decisive war appears to be one of the most ancient and dangerous of human illusions.”
– Robert Lynd

“A hero is one who knows how to hang on one minute longer.”
– Novalis

“On thy grave the rain shall fall from the eyes of a mighty nation!”
– Thomas William Parsons

“It is surmounting difficulties that makes heroes.”
– Louis Pasteur

“For death is no more than a turning of us over from time to eternity.”
– William Penn

“Green sods are all their monuments.”
– James Gates Percival

“The purpose of all war is peace.”
– Saint Augustine

“The hero dead cannot expire: The dead still play their part.”
– Charles Sangster

“The brave die never, though they sleep in dust.”
– Minot J. Savage

“It doesn’t take a hero to order men into battle. It takes a hero to be one of those men who goes into battle.”
– Norman Schwarzkopf

“Valor grows by daring, fear by holding back.”
– Publilius Syrus

“Bravery never goes out of fashion.”
– William Makepeace Thackeray

“The bravest are surely those who have the clearest vision of what is before them, glory and danger alike, and yet notwithstanding, go out to meet it.”
– Thucydides

“These heroes are dead. They died for liberty-they died for us. They are at rest. They sleep in the land they made free, under the flag they rendered stainless, under the solemn pines, the sad hemlocks, the tearful willows, the embracing vines. They sleep beneath the shadow of the clouds, careless alike of sunshine or storm, each in the windowless palace of rest. Earth may run red with other wars-they are at peace. In the midst of the battles, in the roar of conflicts, they found the serenity of death.”
– Unknown

“We come, not to mourn our dead soldiers, but to praise them.”
– Francis A. Walker

“Although no sculptured marble should rise to their memory, nor engraved stone bear record of their deeds, yet will their remembrance be as lasting as the land they honored.”
– Daniel Webster

There’s a lot we can learn from Ann Taylor’s Loft Brand Facebook Page. Sure it features great looks and new clothes, but there is more to be learned here. The Loft Facebook Page can teach us something about marketing and something about the needs and wants of today’s consumers.
This past week past week, Loft posted pictures of models wearing its new line of cargo pants. Soon after, its Facebook page was full of compliments about the look of the pants, but just as many concerns that the pants wouldn’t look like that on them, the fans.
Loft decided to prove that they would look just great on women of all sizes, by doing things a bit differently the next day. Loft went to its own staff and chose several women, ranging from size two to twelve and 5′3″ to 5′10″ in height to model the same pants and posted the pictures on its Facebook. Not only did this help them to illustrate that these particular pants can look great on all kinds of women, it also showed their fans that they are paying attention and deeply value their opinions
So the Loft Facebook experiment can teach us two different, valuable lessons. The first is to pay attention to your “fans”. Whether it is your Facebook following or your customers, it’s important to not only listen but to respond. Offer thoughtful feedback or even consider changing the way you or your company do certain things.
The second is that there is clearly something to the current trend of consumers wanting to see clothes on people that look more like them. While I don’t think traditional models will find themselves out of work anytime soon, I do think that the inclusion of more average looking people and models will continue to grow in popularity – especially by consumer brands.
There’s a lot we can learn from Ann Taylor’s Loft Brand Facebook Page. Sure it features great looks and new clothes, but there is more to be learned here. The Loft Facebook Page can teach us something about marketing and something about the needs and wants of today’s consumers.
This past week past week, Loft posted pictures of models wearing its new line of cargo pants. Soon after, its Facebook page was full of compliments about the look of the pants, but just as many concerns that the pants wouldn’t look like that on them, the fans.
Loft decided to prove that they would look just great on women of all sizes, by doing things a bit differently the next day. Loft went to its own staff and chose several women, ranging from size two to twelve and 5′3″ to 5′10″ in height to model the same pants and posted the pictures on its Facebook. Not only did this help them to illustrate that these particular pants can look great on all kinds of women, it also showed their fans that they are paying attention and deeply value their opinions
So the Loft Facebook experiment can teach us two pozycjonowanie stron different, valuable lessons. The first is to pay attention to your “fans”. Whether it is your Facebook following or your customers, it’s important to not only listen but to respond. Offer thoughtful feedback or even consider changing the way you or your company do certain things.
The second is that there is clearly something to the current trend of consumers wanting to see clothes on people that look more like them. While I don’t think traditional models will find themselves out of work anytime soon, I do think that the inclusion of more average looking people and models will continue to grow in popularity – especially by consumer brands.

First, let us say that you borrow 4000 for a year at 20% interest. With the banks, that interest is applied over the year on a daily, or maybe a monthly basis. For example, they work out how much you have left to pay and then calculate one day’s interest on that amount. As your balance reduces, the interest charged each day reduces. This makes it very a complicated calculation, as you need to take into account how much has been paid off before you calculate the interest.
But the situation is much easier with car loans! That, unfortunately, is the only good news. If the interest rate is 20% and the amount borrowed is 4000, then the interest for the year is 800. Simple. But the bad news, when you look closely, is that there is no credit given to the amount of the loan that has been repaid. Each and every month the interest charged is the same.
This situation is worse still as the term of the loan is increased. On our example load, the interest over 3 years could be 800 per year or 2400 in total. Yes, with a bank calculating the interest in the daily manner, you would reasonably expect that after 2 years at least half of the loan would have been repaid, so the interest charged each day or month would have halved.
There is also another way that the car loan gets more money from borrowers. People giving out car loans are usually happy for you to pay it off early if you wish. This is not always the case with the traditional bank loan and if you are likely to be able to pay off extra amounts you should check with your lender whether it is allowed.
So why are the car loan lenders happy to let you pay off early? Well again it is down to the simple way in which they calculate the interest. Because they calculate the interest on day one and apply that to your loan, whether you pay off the loan in the agreed term or in half of the time, they still receive the same interest. In fact, if you pay it off early, they themselves then have the extra cash available to lend to another lender. So there is no reason for them to refuse over payments. But with a traditional loan if you pay it off early, you are then no longer paying the interest and the lender loses out.
With this initial calculation of interest, a car loan repayment is a lot easier to calculate than a traditional loan, but the lender ends up charging you a lot more interest over the course of the loan and there is no saving if you pay it off early. Before you sign on the dotted line for a new car loan, ask your friendly bank manager if they have any suitable loans available and what they would cost.
First, let us say that you borrow 4000 for a year at 20% interest. With the banks, that interest is applied over the year on a daily, or maybe a monthly basis. For example, they work out how much you have left to pay and then calculate one day’s interest on that amount. As your balance reduces, the interest charged each day reduces. This makes it very a complicated calculation, as you need to take into account Miód Manuka how much has been paid off before you calculate the interest.
But the situation is much easier with car loans! That, unfortunately, is the only good news. If the interest rate is 20% and the amount borrowed is 4000, then the interest for the year is 800. Simple. But the bad news, when you look closely, is that there is no credit given to the amount of the loan that has been repaid. Each and every month the interest charged is the same.
This situation is worse still as the term of the loan is increased. On our example load, the interest over 3 years could be 800 per year or 2400 in total. Yes, with a bank calculating the interest in the daily manner, you would reasonably expect that after 2 years at least half of the loan would have been repaid, so the interest charged each day or month would have halved.
There is also another way that the car loan gets more money from borrowers. People giving out car loans are usually happy for you to pay it off early if you wish. This is not always the case with the traditional bank loan and if you are likely to be able to pay off extra amounts you should check with your lender whether it is allowed.
So why are the car loan lenders happy to let you pay off early? Well again it is down to the simple way in which they calculate the interest. Because they calculate the interest on day one and apply that to your loan, whether you pay off the loan in the agreed term or in half of the time, they still receive the same interest. In fact, if you pay it off early, they themselves then have the extra cash available to lend to another lender. So there is no reason for them to refuse over payments. But with a traditional loan if you pay it off early, you are then no longer paying the interest and the lender loses out.
With this initial calculation of interest, a car loan repayment is a lot easier to calculate than a traditional loan, but the lender ends up charging you a lot more interest over the course of the loan and there is no saving if you pay it off early. Before you sign on the dotted line for a new car loan, ask your friendly bank manager if they have any suitable loans available and what they would cost.

What should you look for in a Bird House?
Bird houses come in all sizes and shapes. Some are more practical than others. When choosing a one make sure you choose one that will allow you to have access to be able to clean it out and keep it sanitary. Check to see if the paint used contains any lead. This can be deadly to birds. Very often bird houses made in foreign countries may contain lead based paint although it is becoming less common to see that now with the awareness on the dangers of lead. You can find bird houses in just about any style you can imagine. Go out and have some fun picking a house for the birds and then sit back and enjoy watching your little feathered friends enjoy their new home.
Should you leave them up all winter?
It really depends on the area of the country you are in and the types of birds that will be using them. If you have protective covers for your bird houses you can leave them up. Make sure to clean then thoroughly and dry them before covering them. For any houses you might consider leaving out uncovered, still give them a thorough cleaning so any off season birds that decide to use them will not be subject to any parasites and waste left from your summer occupants. Many times we find that here in the northeast the chickadees will occupy our bird houses over the winter to protect themselves from the cold and snow. They might as well be getting some use out of the home during the off season. Although many various creatures might inhabit your bird houses over the winter it is rare that any of them would do any substantial damage to your bird house. Again all you really need to do is make sure to give them a good house cleaning in the spring before the birds return.
What kind of home do you need for the birds?
We recommend not limiting your imagination when it comes to helping out little feathered friends. Bird structures are not just for Finches or Cardinals or Robins. Expand your thinking to birds like Woodpeckers and Wood Ducks and many of the larger types of birds. All birds are great for natural pest control. It is a known fact that Swallows will eat upwards of 10,000 black flies or mosquitoes each day. Wouldn’t it be great to go out on the patio in the evening and watch them dart about and know they are ridding your yard of those pesky biting flies? Of course they will never totally eliminate them but it is great fun to watch how agile they are as they fly around and snatch the flies right out of the air around you.
To recap our fun with bird houses
Pick an interesting and fun house. Put it in a location you can enjoy whether you are in the garden or inside your home. When the time comes for cleaning your the house make sure you use a mild soap and water solution and rinse it out thoroughly and dry it well. If you are in the right area you can allow your winter friends to take over the bird house so it can be used all year long.
What should you look for in a Bird House?
Bird houses come in all sizes and shapes. Some are more practical than others. When choosing a one make sure you choose one that will allow you to have access to be able to clean it out and keep it sanitary. Check to see if the paint used contains any lead. This can be zabawki deadly to birds. Very often bird houses made in foreign countries may contain lead based paint although it is becoming less common to see that now with the awareness on the dangers of lead. You can find bird houses in just about any style you can imagine. Go out and have some fun picking a house for the birds and then sit back and enjoy watching your little feathered friends enjoy their new home.
Should you leave them up all winter?
It really depends on the area of the country you are in and the types of birds that will be using them. If you have protective covers for your bird houses you can leave them up. Make sure to clean then thoroughly and dry them before covering them. For any houses you might consider leaving out uncovered, still give them a thorough cleaning so any off season birds that decide to use them will not be subject to any parasites and waste left from your summer occupants. Many times we find that here in the northeast the chickadees will occupy our bird houses over the winter to protect themselves from the cold and snow. They might as well be getting some use out of the home during the off season. Although many various creatures might inhabit your bird houses over the winter it is rare that any of them would do any substantial damage to your bird house. Again all you really need to do is make sure to give them a good house cleaning in the spring before the birds return.
What kind of home do you need for the birds?
We recommend not limiting your imagination when it comes to helping out little feathered friends. Bird structures are not just for Finches or Cardinals or Robins. Expand your thinking to birds like Woodpeckers and Wood Ducks and many of the larger types of birds. All birds are great for natural pest control. It is a known fact that Swallows will eat upwards of 10,000 black flies or mosquitoes each day. Wouldn’t it be great to go out on the patio in the evening and watch them dart about and know they are ridding your yard of those pesky biting flies? Of course they will never totally eliminate them but it is great fun to watch how agile they are as they fly around and snatch the flies right out of the air around you.
To recap our fun with bird houses
Pick an interesting and fun house. Put it in a location you can enjoy whether you are in the garden or inside your home. When the time comes for cleaning your the house make sure you use a mild soap and water solution and rinse it out thoroughly and dry it well. If you are in the right area you can allow your winter friends to take over the bird house so it can be used all year long.